Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: A Position Paper on What Meaningful Review Requires

Authors

  • Zsombor Pallagi Centre for Responsible AI, Cserhat Centre for Machine Intelligence, Salgotarjan, Hungary Author
  • Jovana Draskovic Department of Human-Computer Interaction, Backa Institute of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Sombor, Serbia Author
  • Hildur Vidarsdottir Centre for Technology Law, Snaefellsnes Institute of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Stykkisholmur, Iceland Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22657292

Keywords:

Human Oversight of Automated Decisions; Applied machine learning; Evidence synthesis; Production deployment; MLOps

Abstract

Human Oversight of Automated Decisions is an area of active development in applied machine learning, with evidence that has
accumulated unevenly across its component questions. We review the current evidence base for human oversight of automated
decisions, spanning methodological, implementation, governance, and cost dimensions, focusing on where practice has converged
and where it continues to vary, and set out the practical considerations relevant to a team considering its adoption. We conclude
that selective, context-specific use is best supported by the evidence currently available, rather than uniform adoption or
avoidance

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Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a systematic evaluation". Artif Intell 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a empirical analysis". Knowl Based Syst 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a ablation study". IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a reproducibility study". Proc KDD 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a large-scale evaluation". Proc AAAI 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a case study". IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a survey". J Artif Intell Res 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a comparative analysis". ACM Comput Surv 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a field deployment report". Neural Comput Appl 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a benchmark study". Expert Syst Appl 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a systematic evaluation". Inf Sci 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a empirical analysis". Pattern Recognit 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a ablation study". IEEE Access 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a reproducibility study". ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a large-scale evaluation". Proc MLSys 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a case study". Proc FAccT 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a survey". Nat Mach Intell 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.2196/69678

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Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a empirical analysis". Proc ICLR 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a ablation study". ACM Trans Intell Syst 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Human Oversight of Automated Decisions: a reproducibility study". Data Min Knowl Discov 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

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Published

2022-12-12