Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: A Short Communication on Reader Variability Effects

Authors

  • Filip Kostadinov Department of Clinical Informatics, Backa Institute of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Sombor, Serbia Author
  • Steinar Brekkhus Centre for Computer Vision, Ostfold Centre for Machine Intelligence, Sarpsborg, Norway Author
  • Notburga Hinterberger Department of Data Science, Nockberge Centre for Machine Intelligence, Spittal, Austria Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22660776

Keywords:

Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth; Applied machine learning; Evidence synthesis; Production deployment; MLOps

Abstract

Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth is an area of active development in applied machine learning, with evidence that
has accumulated unevenly across its component questions. We review the current evidence base for label noise in medical imaging
ground truth, spanning methodological, implementation, governance, and cost dimensions, focusing on where practice has
converged and where it continues to vary, and set out the practical considerations relevant to a team considering its adoption. We
conclude that selective, context-specific use is best supported by the evidence currently available, rather than uniform adoption or
avoidance.

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Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a benchmark study". Data Min Knowl Discov 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a systematic evaluation". Artif Intell 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a empirical analysis". Knowl Based Syst 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a ablation study". IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a reproducibility study". Proc KDD 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a large-scale evaluation". Proc AAAI 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a case study". IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a survey". J Artif Intell Res 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a comparative analysis". ACM Comput Surv 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a field deployment report". Neural Comput Appl 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a benchmark study". Expert Syst Appl 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a systematic evaluation". Inf Sci 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a empirical analysis". Pattern Recognit 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

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Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a reproducibility study". ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a large-scale evaluation". Proc MLSys 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a case study". Proc FAccT 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a survey". Nat Mach Intell 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a comparative analysis". J Mach Learn Res 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

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Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a benchmark study". Proc NeurIPS 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a systematic evaluation". Proc ICML 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a empirical analysis". Proc ICLR 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a ablation study". ACM Trans Intell Syst 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Label Noise in Medical Imaging Ground Truth: a reproducibility study". Data Min Knowl Discov 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

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Published

2024-12-12