Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: A Technical Note on Shadow Traffic and Guardrail Metrics

Authors

  • Zane Rieksts Department of Machine Learning Operations, Selonia Centre for Machine Intelligence, Jekabpils, Latvia Author
  • Jokin Yustas Department of Platform Engineering, Serrania Centre for Machine Intelligence, Ronda, Spain Author
  • Ziga Peternelj Department of Software Engineering, Notranjska Institute of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Postojna, Slovenia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22660833

Keywords:

Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models; Applied machine learning; Evidence synthesis; Production deployment; MLOps

Abstract

Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models is an area of active development in applied machine learning, with evidence that has
accumulated unevenly across its component questions. We review the current evidence base for continuous evaluation of deployed
models, spanning methodological, implementation, governance, and cost dimensions, focusing on where practice has converged
and where it continues to vary, and set out the practical considerations relevant to a team considering its adoption. We conclude
that selective, context-specific use is best supported by the evidence currently available, rather than uniform adoption or
avoidance.

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Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a systematic evaluation". Artif Intell 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a empirical analysis". Knowl Based Syst 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a ablation study". IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a reproducibility study". Proc KDD 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a large-scale evaluation". Proc AAAI 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a case study". IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a survey". J Artif Intell Res 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a comparative analysis". ACM Comput Surv 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a field deployment report". Neural Comput Appl 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a benchmark study". Expert Syst Appl 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a systematic evaluation". Inf Sci 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a empirical analysis". Pattern Recognit 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a ablation study". IEEE Access 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a reproducibility study". ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a large-scale evaluation". Proc MLSys 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a case study". Proc FAccT 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a survey". Nat Mach Intell 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.2196/48297

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Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a systematic evaluation". Proc ICML 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a empirical analysis". Proc ICLR 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a ablation study". ACM Trans Intell Syst 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Continuous Evaluation of Deployed Models: a reproducibility study". Data Min Knowl Discov 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.2196/48633

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Published

2025-06-12