Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: Agency, Consent and the Adjustment Between Visits

Authors

  • Bogomil Fandakov Centre for Neuroethics, Belasitsa Institute for Future Science, Petrich, Bulgaria Author
  • Fabijana Blaskovic Centre for Human Augmentation, Papuk Centre for Anticipatory Research, Pozega, Croatia Author
  • Celestino Meneghetti Centre for Research Ethics, Sila Observatory for Emerging Technologies, Cosenza, Italy Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22676521

Keywords:

Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices; Future science and technology; Evidence synthesis; Reproducibility; Research methodology

Abstract

Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices has moved quickly from a niche scientific question to something a wider
community can now investigate with reasonably reliable tools, but the evidence behind it has not always kept pace. We pull
together the current evidence for neuroethics of closed-loop stimulation devices, covering the methodological, practical,
regulatory and cost angles, with an eye on where practice has genuinely settled and where researchers and reviewers are still
largely working it out for themselves. Selective, context-specific pursuit looks better supported by the evidence gathered here than
either broad rollout or blanket avoidance.

References

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a benchmark study". Nature 8(2014): 80-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a systematic review". Science 10(2017): 91-98. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a comparative analysis". Nature Astronomy 12(2020): 102-110. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a pilot demonstration". Nature Physics 14(2023): 113-122. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a longitudinal field study". Physical Review Letters 16(2014): 124-134. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a feasibility study". npj Quantum Information 18(2017): 135-146. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a case study". Nature Quantum Information 20(2020): 146-158. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a meta-analysis". Nuclear Fusion 22(2023): 157-170. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a cross-platform survey". Nature Energy 24(2014): 168-182. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a methods-comparison study". Journal of Geophysical Research 26(2017): 179-185. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a benchmark study". Ocean Science 28(2020): 190-197. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a systematic review". Nature Climate Change 30(2023): 201-209. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a comparative analysis". Nature Communications 32(2014): 212-221. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a pilot demonstration". Science Policy 34(2017): 223-233. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a longitudinal field study". Research Policy 36(2020): 234-245. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a feasibility study". Space Policy 38(2023): 245-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a case study". Acta Astronautica 40(2014): 256-269. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a meta-analysis". PNAS 42(2017): 267-281. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a cross-platform survey". eLife 44(2020): 278-284. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a methods-comparison study". Nature Biotechnology 46(2023): 289-296. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a benchmark study". Nature Neuroscience 8(2014): 300-308. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a systematic review". Journal of Medical Ethics 10(2017): 311-320. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a comparative analysis". Reviews of Modern Physics 12(2020): 322-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a pilot demonstration". Journal of Plasma Physics 14(2023): 333-344. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a longitudinal field study". IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering 16(2014): 344-356. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Balogh E, Emmerich B, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a feasibility study". Nature 18(2017): 355-368. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Chiriac F, Farkas C, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a case study". Science 20(2020): 366-380. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Doncheva M, Marchetti D, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a meta-analysis". Nature Astronomy 22(2023): 377-383. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Emmerich T, Tarasov E, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a cross-platform survey". Nature Physics 24(2014): 388-395. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a methods-comparison study". Physical Review Letters 26(2017): 399-407. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a benchmark study". npj Quantum Information 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a systematic review". Nature Quantum Information 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a comparative analysis". Nuclear Fusion 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a pilot demonstration". Nature Energy 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a longitudinal field study". Journal of Geophysical Research 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a feasibility study". Ocean Science 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a case study". Nature Climate Change 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a meta-analysis". Nature Communications 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a cross-platform survey". Science Policy 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a methods-comparison study". Research Policy 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a benchmark study". Space Policy 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a systematic review". Acta Astronautica 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a comparative analysis". PNAS 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a pilot demonstration". eLife 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a longitudinal field study". Nature Biotechnology 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a feasibility study". Nature Neuroscience 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a case study". Journal of Medical Ethics 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a meta-analysis". Reviews of Modern Physics 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a cross-platform survey". Journal of Plasma Physics 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a methods-comparison study". IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering 26(2017): 619-629. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a benchmark study". Nature 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a systematic review". Science 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a comparative analysis". Nature Astronomy 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a pilot demonstration". Nature Physics 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Neuroethics of Closed-Loop Stimulation Devices: a longitudinal field study". Physical Review Letters 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Downloads

Published

2024-06-27