Direct Ocean Carbon Removal Monitoring: A Review of Attribution Under Natural Variability

Abstract

Direct Ocean Carbon Removal Monitoring has moved quickly from a niche scientific question to something a wider community
can now investigate with reasonably reliable tools, but the evidence behind it has not always kept pace. We pull together the
current evidence for direct ocean carbon removal monitoring, covering the methodological, practical, regulatory and cost angles,
with an eye on where practice has genuinely settled and where researchers and reviewers are still largely working it out for
themselves. Selective, context-specific pursuit looks better supported by the evidence gathered here than either broad rollout or
blanket avoidance.