Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: A Field Study of Test Choice and Referral Consequence

Authors

  • Csaba-Peter Imreh Department of Cognitive Disorders, Kunsag Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Kiskunfelegyhaza, Hungary Author
  • Erik-Olof Jonsereds Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vasterbotten Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Skelleftea, Sweden Author
  • Liisa-Kaarina Hakola Centre for Participant Involvement, Suupohja Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Kauhajoki, Finland Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22681015

Keywords:

Cognitive Screening in Primary Care; Cognitive neuroscience; Neurofeedback; Evidence synthesis; Research methodology

Abstract

Cognitive Screening in Primary Care has moved quickly from a niche scientific question to something a wider community can now
investigate with reasonably reliable tools, but the evidence behind it has not always kept pace. We pull together the current
evidence for cognitive screening in primary care, covering the methodological, practical, regulatory and cost angles, with an eye
on where practice has genuinely settled and where researchers and reviewers are still largely working it out for themselves.
Selective, context-specific pursuit looks better supported by the evidence gathered here than either broad rollout or blanket
avoidance.

References

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a benchmark study". Nature Neuroscience 8(2014): 80-86. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a systematic review". Neuron 10(2017): 91-98. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a comparative analysis". NeuroImage 12(2020): 102-110. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a pilot demonstration". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14(2023): 113-122. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a longitudinal field study". Journal of Neuroscience 16(2014): 124-134. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a feasibility study". Brain 18(2017): 135-146. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a case study". Biological Psychiatry 20(2020): 146-158. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a meta-analysis". Cerebral Cortex 22(2023): 157-170. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a cross-platform survey". Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 24(2014): 168-182. DOI:

1371/journal.pone.0305949 10. Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a methods-comparison study". eLife 26(2017): 179-185. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a benchmark study". PNAS 28(2020): 190-197. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a systematic review". Nature Communications 30(2023): 201-209. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a comparative analysis". Nature Human Behaviour 32(2014): 212-221. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a pilot demonstration". Cortex 34(2017): 223-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a longitudinal field study". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 36(2020): 234-245. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a feasibility study". Psychological Science 38(2023): 245-257. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a case study". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 40(2014): 256-269. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a meta-analysis". Trends in Neurosciences 42(2017): 267-281. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a cross-platform survey". Human Brain Mapping 44(2020): 278-284. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a methods-comparison study". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 46(2023): 289-296. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a benchmark study". Sleep 8(2014): 300-308. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a systematic review". NeuroImage: Clinical 10(2017): 311-320. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a comparative analysis". eNeuro 12(2020): 322-332. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a pilot demonstration". Cognition 14(2023): 333-344. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a longitudinal field study". Nature Reviews Neurology 16(2014): 344-356. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Balogh E, Emmerich B, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a feasibility study". Nature Neuroscience 18(2017): 355-368. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Chiriac F, Farkas C, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a case study". Neuron 20(2020): 366-380. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Doncheva M, Marchetti D, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a meta-analysis". NeuroImage 22(2023): 377-383. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Emmerich T, Tarasov E, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a cross-platform survey". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 24(2014): 388-395. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a methods-comparison study". Journal of Neuroscience 26(2017): 399-407. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a benchmark study". Brain 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a systematic review". Biological Psychiatry 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a comparative analysis". Cerebral Cortex 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a pilot demonstration". Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a longitudinal field study". eLife 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a feasibility study". PNAS 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a case study". Nature Communications 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a meta-analysis". Nature Human Behaviour 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a cross-platform survey". Cortex 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a methods-comparison study". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a benchmark study". Psychological Science 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a systematic review". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a comparative analysis". Trends in Neurosciences 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a pilot demonstration". Human Brain Mapping 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a longitudinal field study". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a feasibility study". Sleep 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a case study". NeuroImage: Clinical 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a meta-analysis". eNeuro 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a cross-platform survey". Cognition 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a methods-comparison study". Nature Reviews Neurology 26(2017): 619-629. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a benchmark study". Nature Neuroscience 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a systematic review". Neuron 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a comparative analysis". NeuroImage 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a pilot demonstration". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Cognitive Screening in Primary Care: a longitudinal field study". Journal of Neuroscience 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Downloads

Published

2025-12-30