Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: Pilot Study of Coverage, Accuracy and Inspection Time

Authors

  • Katrien Vanderjeugd Department of Geospatial Science, Entre-Sambre Centre for Built Environment Research, Philippeville, Belgium Author
  • Eino Pesonen Department of Inspection Technology, Varsinais Centre for Built Environment Research, Salo, Finland Author
  • Andrzej Zakrzewski Department of Asset Management, Zulawy Institute of Smart Infrastructure, Malbork, Poland Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22662572

Keywords:

Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels; Smart infrastructure; Evidence synthesis; Asset management; Structural health monitoring

Abstract

Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels is an area of active development in smart and resilient infrastructure engineering, with
evidence that has accumulated unevenly across its component questions. We review the current evidence base for autonomous
survey vehicles in tunnels, spanning methodological, implementation, governance, and cost dimensions, focusing on where
practice has converged and where it continues to vary, and set out the practical considerations relevant to an agency considering
its adoption. We conclude that selective, context-specific use is best supported by the evidence currently available, rather than
uniform adoption or avoidance.

References

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a field monitoring study". J Struct Eng 8(2014): 80-86. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a systematic evaluation". Struct Health Monit 10(2017): 91-98. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a laboratory study". Eng Struct 12(2020): 102-110. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a case study". Autom Constr 14(2023): 113-122. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a reliability analysis". J Infrastruct Syst 16(2014): 124-134. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a life-cycle assessment". Constr Build Mater 18(2017): 135-146. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a pilot deployment". Transp Res Part C 20(2020): 146-158.7 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a review". Water Res 22(2023): 157-170. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a comparative analysis". J Clean Prod 24(2014): 168-182. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a asset-management report". Renew Sustain Energy Rev 26(2017): 179-185. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a field monitoring study". J Bridge Eng 28(2020): 190-197. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a systematic evaluation". Smart Cities 30(2023): 201-209. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a laboratory study". IEEE Internet Things J 32(2014): 212-221. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a case study". J Water Resour Plan Manag 34(2017): 223-233. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a reliability analysis". J Constr Eng Manag 36(2020): 234-245. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a life-cycle assessment". Sustain Cities Soc 38(2023): 245-257. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a pilot deployment". Tunn Undergr Space Technol 40(2014): 256-269. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a review". Reliab Eng Syst Saf 42(2017): 267-281. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a comparative analysis". Geotechnique 44(2020): 278-284. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a asset-management report". J Clean Energy Syst 46(2023): 289-296. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a field monitoring study". Resour Conserv Recycl 8(2014): 300-308. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a systematic evaluation". Cem Concr Res 10(2017): 311-320. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a laboratory study". Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 12(2020): 322-332. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a case study". Energy Build 14(2023): 333-344. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a reliability analysis". J Struct Eng 16(2014): 344-356. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Balogh E, Emmerich B, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a life-cycle assessment". Struct Health Monit 18(2017): 355-368. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Chiriac F, Farkas C, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a pilot deployment". Eng Struct 20(2020): 366-380. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Doncheva M, Marchetti D, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a review". Autom Constr 22(2023): 377-383. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Emmerich T, Tarasov E, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a comparative analysis". J Infrastruct Syst 24(2014): 388-395. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a asset-management report". Constr Build Mater 26(2017): 399-407. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a field monitoring study". Transp Res Part C 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a systematic evaluation". Water Res 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a laboratory study". J Clean Prod 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a case study". Renew Sustain Energy Rev 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a reliability analysis". J Bridge Eng 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a life-cycle assessment". Smart Cities 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a pilot deployment". IEEE Internet Things J 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a review". J Water Resour Plan Manag 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a comparative analysis". J Constr Eng Manag 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a asset-management report". Sustain Cities Soc 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a field monitoring study". Tunn Undergr Space Technol 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a systematic evaluation". Reliab Eng Syst Saf 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a laboratory study". Geotechnique 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a case study". J Clean Energy Syst 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a reliability analysis". Resour Conserv Recycl 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a life-cycle assessment". Cem Concr Res 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a pilot deployment". Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a review". Energy Build 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a comparative analysis". J Struct Eng 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a asset-management report". Struct Health Monit 26(2017): 619-629. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a field monitoring study". Eng Struct 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a systematic evaluation". Autom Constr 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a laboratory study". J Infrastruct Syst 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a case study". Constr Build Mater 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Autonomous Survey Vehicles in Tunnels: a reliability analysis". Transp Res Part C 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Downloads

Published

2026-07-16