Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: Seed Price, Yield Gain and Adoption Thresholds

Authors

  • Egidio Marzotto Department of Agricultural Economics, Murgia Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Altamura, Italy Author
  • Helena-M Incorvaja Department of Plant Breeding, Zebbug Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Zebbug, Malta Author
  • Emil Andrijasevic Department of Agronomy, Dalmatinska Zagora Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Knin, Croatia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22666877

Keywords:

Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize; Agricultural biotechnology; Gene editing; Evidence synthesis; Biosafety regulation

Abstract

Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize has moved quickly from a research idea to something a working breeding or
production programme can actually use, but the evidence behind it has not always kept pace. We pull together the current
evidence for economics of trait stacking in smallholder maize, covering the methodological, practical, regulatory and cost angles,
with an eye on where practice has genuinely settled and where researchers and regulators are still largely working it out for
themselves. Selective, context-specific adoption looks better supported by the evidence gathered here than either broad rollout or
blanket avoidance.

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Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a stakeholder-survey study". Plant Cell Rep 26(2017): 399-407. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a field trial". Mol Plant 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a systematic review". J Exp Bot 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a confined-trial evaluation". Crop Sci 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a benchmark comparison". Agron J 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a multi-generation study". Plant Physiol 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a pilot deployment". New Phytol 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a case study". Nat Biotechnol 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a meta-analysis". Sci Rep 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a comparative trial". PLoS One 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a stakeholder-survey study". BMC Plant Biol 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a field trial". Biotechnol Adv 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a systematic review". Plant Mol Biol 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a confined-trial evaluation". Field Crops Res 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a benchmark comparison". Euphytica 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a multi-generation study". Front Genome Ed 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a pilot deployment". CRISPR J 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a case study". Plant Cell 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a meta-analysis". Trends Biotechnol 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a comparative trial". Plant Biotechnol J 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a stakeholder-survey study". Theor Appl Genet 26(2017): 619-629. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a field trial". Front Plant Sci 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a systematic review". Transgenic Res 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a confined-trial evaluation". GM Crops Food 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a benchmark comparison". Plant Cell Rep 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Economics of Trait Stacking in Smallholder Maize: a multi-generation study". Mol Plant 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.2196/89834

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Published

2026-08-12