Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: Emissions Reduction Without Throughput Loss
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22660904Keywords:
Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs; Applied machine learning; Evidence synthesis; Production deployment; MLOpsAbstract
Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs is an area of active development in applied machine learning, with evidence that has
accumulated unevenly across its component questions. We review the current evidence base for carbon-aware scheduling of
training jobs, spanning methodological, implementation, governance, and cost dimensions, focusing on where practice has
converged and where it continues to vary, and set out the practical considerations relevant to a team considering its adoption. We
conclude that selective, context-specific use is best supported by the evidence currently available, rather than uniform adoption or
avoidance.
References
Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a benchmark study". J Mach Learn Res 8(2014): 80-86. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a systematic evaluation". IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 10(2017): 91-98. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z
Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a empirical analysis". Proc NeurIPS 12(2020): 102-110. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005
Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a ablation study". Proc ICML 14(2023): 113-122. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800
Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a reproducibility study". Proc ICLR 16(2014): 124-134. DOI: 10.2196/69678
Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a large-scale evaluation". ACM Trans Intell Syst 18(2017): 135-146. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454
Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a case study". Data Min Knowl Discov 20(2020): 146-158. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028
Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a survey". Artif Intell 22(2023): 157-170. DOI: 10.2196/48633
Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a comparative analysis". Knowl Based Syst 24(2014): 168-182. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949
Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a field deployment report". IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 26(2017): 179-185. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514
Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a benchmark study". Proc KDD 28(2020): 190-197. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596
Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a systematic evaluation". Proc AAAI 30(2023): 201-209. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086
Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a empirical analysis". IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 32(2014): 212-221. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5
Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a ablation study". J Artif Intell Res 34(2017): 223-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004
Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a reproducibility study". ACM Comput Surv 36(2020): 234-245. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226
Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a large-scale evaluation". Neural Comput Appl 38(2023): 245-257. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013
Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a case study". Expert Syst Appl 40(2014): 256-269. DOI: 10.2196/89834
Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a survey". Inf Sci 42(2017): 267-281. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9
Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a comparative analysis". Pattern Recognit 44(2020): 278-284. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a field deployment report". IEEE Access 46(2023): 289-296. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a benchmark study". ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 8(2014): 300-308. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65
Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a systematic evaluation". Proc MLSys 10(2017): 311-320. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884
Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a empirical analysis". Proc FAccT 12(2020): 322-332. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a ablation study". Nat Mach Intell 14(2023): 333-344. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z
Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a reproducibility study". J Mach Learn Res 16(2014): 344-356. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005
Balogh E, Emmerich B, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a large-scale evaluation". IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 18(2017): 355-368. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800
Chiriac F, Farkas C, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a case study". Proc NeurIPS 20(2020): 366-380. DOI: 10.2196/69678
Doncheva M, Marchetti D, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a survey". Proc ICML 22(2023): 377-383. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454
Emmerich T, Tarasov E, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a comparative analysis". Proc ICLR 24(2014): 388-395. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028
Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a field deployment report". ACM Trans Intell Syst 26(2017): 399-407. DOI: 10.2196/48633
Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a benchmark study". Data Min Knowl Discov 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949
Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a systematic evaluation". Artif Intell 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514
Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a empirical analysis". Knowl Based Syst 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596
Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a ablation study". IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086
Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a reproducibility study". Proc KDD 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5
Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a large-scale evaluation". Proc AAAI 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004
Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a case study". IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226
Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a survey". J Artif Intell Res 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013
Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a comparative analysis". ACM Comput Surv 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.2196/89834
Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a field deployment report". Neural Comput Appl 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9
Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a benchmark study". Expert Syst Appl 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a systematic evaluation". Inf Sci 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a empirical analysis". Pattern Recognit 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65
Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a ablation study". IEEE Access 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884
Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a reproducibility study". ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a large-scale evaluation". Proc MLSys 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z
Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a case study". Proc FAccT 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005
Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a survey". Nat Mach Intell 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800
Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a comparative analysis". J Mach Learn Res 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.2196/69678
Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a field deployment report". IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 26(2017): 619-629. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454
Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a benchmark study". Proc NeurIPS 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028
Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a systematic evaluation". Proc ICML 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.2196/48633
Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a empirical analysis". Proc ICLR 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949
Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a ablation study". ACM Trans Intell Syst 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514
Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Carbon-Aware Scheduling of Training Jobs: a reproducibility study". Data Min Knowl Discov 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596
