Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: A Benchmark Study of Unsupervised Methods

Authors

  • Botond Kisfaludy Department of Transport Engineering, Cserhat Centre for Machine Intelligence, Salgotarjan, Hungary Author
  • Aivars Dzelzkalns Department of Statistics, Selonia Centre for Machine Intelligence, Jekabpils, Latvia Author
  • Charalampos Mavromichali Department of Information Security, Laconia Centre for Machine Intelligence, Sparti, Greece Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22661310

Keywords:

Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry; Applied machine learning; Evidence synthesis; Production deployment; MLOps

Abstract

Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry is an area of active development in applied machine learning, with evidence
that has accumulated unevenly across its component questions. We review the current evidence base for anomaly detection in
railway signalling telemetry, spanning methodological, implementation, governance, and cost dimensions, focusing on where
practice has converged and where it continues to vary, and set out the practical considerations relevant to a team considering its
adoption. We conclude that selective, context-specific use is best supported by the evidence currently available, rather than
uniform adoption or avoidance.

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Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a benchmark study". Data Min Knowl Discov 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a systematic evaluation". Artif Intell 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a empirical analysis". Knowl Based Syst 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a ablation study". IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a reproducibility study". Proc KDD 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a large-scale evaluation". Proc AAAI 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a case study". IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a survey". J Artif Intell Res 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a comparative analysis". ACM Comput Surv 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a field deployment report". Neural Comput Appl 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a benchmark study". Expert Syst Appl 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a systematic evaluation". Inf Sci 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a empirical analysis". Pattern Recognit 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a ablation study". IEEE Access 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a reproducibility study". ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a large-scale evaluation". Proc MLSys 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a case study". Proc FAccT 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a survey". Nat Mach Intell 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a comparative analysis". J Mach Learn Res 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a field deployment report". IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 26(2017): 619-629. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a benchmark study". Proc NeurIPS 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a systematic evaluation". Proc ICML 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a empirical analysis". Proc ICLR 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a ablation study". ACM Trans Intell Syst 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Anomaly Detection in Railway Signalling Telemetry: a reproducibility study". Data Min Knowl Discov 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.2196/89834

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Published

2026-08-10