Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: A Review of Predictive Validity Against Chronological Age
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22676834Keywords:
Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts; Future science and technology; Evidence synthesis; Reproducibility; Research methodologyAbstract
Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts has moved quickly from a niche scientific question to something a wider community can
now investigate with reasonably reliable tools, but the evidence behind it has not always kept pace. We pull together the current
evidence for biological age clocks in human cohorts, covering the methodological, practical, regulatory and cost angles, with an
eye on where practice has genuinely settled and where researchers and reviewers are still largely working it out for themselves.
Selective, context-specific pursuit looks better supported by the evidence gathered here than either broad rollout or blanket
avoidance.
References
Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a benchmark study". Nature 8(2014): 80-86. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a systematic review". Science 10(2017): 91-98. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a comparative analysis". Nature Astronomy 12(2020): 102-110. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65
Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a pilot demonstration". Nature Physics 14(2023): 113-122. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884
Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a longitudinal field study". Physical Review Letters 16(2014): 124-134. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a feasibility study". npj Quantum Information 18(2017): 135-146. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z
Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a case study". Nature Quantum Information 20(2020): 146-158. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005
Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a meta-analysis". Nuclear Fusion 22(2023): 157-170. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800
Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a cross-platform survey". Nature Energy 24(2014): 168-182. DOI: 10.2196/69678
Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a methods-comparison study". Journal of Geophysical Research 26(2017): 179-185. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454
Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a benchmark study". Ocean Science 28(2020): 190-197. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028
Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a systematic review". Nature Climate Change 30(2023): 201-209. DOI: 10.2196/48633
Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a comparative analysis". Nature Communications 32(2014): 212-221. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949
Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a pilot demonstration". Science Policy 34(2017): 223-233. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514
Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a longitudinal field study". Research Policy 36(2020): 234-245. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596
Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a feasibility study". Space Policy 38(2023): 245-257. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086
Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a case study". Acta Astronautica 40(2014): 256-269. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5
Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a meta-analysis". PNAS 42(2017): 267-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004
Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a cross-platform survey". eLife 44(2020): 278-284. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226
Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a methods-comparison study". Nature Biotechnology 46(2023): 289-296. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013
Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a benchmark study". Nature Neuroscience 8(2014): 300-308. DOI: 10.2196/89834
Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a systematic review". Journal of Medical Ethics 10(2017): 311-320. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9
Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a comparative analysis". Reviews of Modern Physics 12(2020): 322-332. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a pilot demonstration". Journal of Plasma Physics 14(2023): 333-344. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a longitudinal field study". IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering 16(2014): 344-356. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65
Balogh E, Emmerich B, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a feasibility study". Nature 18(2017): 355-368. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884
Chiriac F, Farkas C, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a case study". Science 20(2020): 366-380. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Doncheva M, Marchetti D, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a meta-analysis". Nature Astronomy 22(2023): 377-383. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z
Emmerich T, Tarasov E, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a cross-platform survey". Nature Physics 24(2014): 388-395. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005
Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a methods-comparison study". Physical Review Letters 26(2017): 399-407. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800
Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a benchmark study". npj Quantum Information 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.2196/69678
Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a systematic review". Nature Quantum Information 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454
Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a comparative analysis". Nuclear Fusion 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028
Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a pilot demonstration". Nature Energy 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.2196/48633
Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a longitudinal field study". Journal of Geophysical Research 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949
Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a feasibility study". Ocean Science 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514
Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a case study". Nature Climate Change 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596
Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a meta-analysis". Nature Communications 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086
Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a cross-platform survey". Science Policy 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5
Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a methods-comparison study". Research Policy 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004
Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a benchmark study". Space Policy 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226
Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a systematic review". Acta Astronautica 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013
Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a comparative analysis". PNAS 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.2196/89834
Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a pilot demonstration". eLife 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9
Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a longitudinal field study". Nature Biotechnology 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a feasibility study". Nature Neuroscience 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a case study". Journal of Medical Ethics 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65
Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a meta-analysis". Reviews of Modern Physics 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884
Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a cross-platform survey". Journal of Plasma Physics 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a methods-comparison study". IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering 26(2017): 619-629. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z
Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a benchmark study". Nature 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005
Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a systematic review". Science 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800
Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a comparative analysis". Nature Astronomy 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.2196/69678
Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a pilot demonstration". Nature Physics 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454
Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Biological Age Clocks in Human Cohorts: a longitudinal field study". Physical Review Letters 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028
