Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: A Pilot Study of Slow Oscillation Enhancement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22680835Keywords:
Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep; Cognitive neuroscience; Neurofeedback; Evidence synthesis; Research methodologyAbstract
Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep has moved quickly from a niche scientific question to something a wider
community can now investigate with reasonably reliable tools, but the evidence behind it has not always kept pace. We pull
together the current evidence for closed-loop auditory stimulation during sleep, covering the methodological, practical, regulatory
and cost angles, with an eye on where practice has genuinely settled and where researchers and reviewers are still largely
working it out for themselves. Selective, context-specific pursuit looks better supported by the evidence gathered here than either
broad rollout or blanket avoidance
References
Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a benchmark study". Nature Neuroscience 8(2014): 80-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004
Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a systematic review". Neuron 10(2017): 91-98. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226
Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a comparative analysis". NeuroImage 12(2020): 102-110. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013
Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a pilot demonstration". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14(2023): 113-122. DOI: 10.2196/89834
Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a longitudinal field study". Journal of Neuroscience 16(2014): 124-134. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9
Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a feasibility study". Brain 18(2017): 135-146. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a case study". Biological Psychiatry 20(2020): 146-158. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a meta-analysis". Cerebral Cortex 22(2023): 157-170. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65
Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a cross-platform survey". Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 24(2014): 168-182. DOI:
3389/fdgth.2026.1763884 10. Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a methods-comparison study". eLife 26(2017): 179-185. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a benchmark study". PNAS 28(2020): 190-197. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z
Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a systematic review". Nature Communications 30(2023): 201-209. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005
Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a comparative analysis". Nature Human Behaviour 32(2014): 212-221. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800
Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a pilot demonstration". Cortex 34(2017): 223-233. DOI: 10.2196/69678
Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a longitudinal field study". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 36(2020): 234-245. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454
Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a feasibility study". Psychological Science 38(2023): 245-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028
Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a case study". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 40(2014): 256-269. DOI: 10.2196/48633
Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a meta-analysis". Trends in Neurosciences 42(2017): 267-281. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949
Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a cross-platform survey". Human Brain Mapping 44(2020): 278-284. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514
Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a methods-comparison study". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 46(2023): 289-296. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596
Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a benchmark study". Sleep 8(2014): 300-308. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086
Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a systematic review". NeuroImage: Clinical 10(2017): 311-320. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5
Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a comparative analysis". eNeuro 12(2020): 322-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004
Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a pilot demonstration". Cognition 14(2023): 333-344. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226
Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a longitudinal field study". Nature Reviews Neurology 16(2014): 344-356. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013
Balogh E, Emmerich B, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a feasibility study". Nature Neuroscience 18(2017): 355-368. DOI: 10.2196/89834
Chiriac F, Farkas C, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a case study". Neuron 20(2020): 366-380. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9
Doncheva M, Marchetti D, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a meta-analysis". NeuroImage 22(2023): 377-383. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Emmerich T, Tarasov E, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a cross-platform survey". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 24(2014): 388-395. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a methods-comparison study". Journal of Neuroscience 26(2017): 399-407. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65
Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a benchmark study". Brain 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884
Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a systematic review". Biological Psychiatry 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a comparative analysis". Cerebral Cortex 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z
Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a pilot demonstration". Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005
Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a longitudinal field study". eLife 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800
Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a feasibility study". PNAS 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.2196/69678
Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a case study". Nature Communications 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454
Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a meta-analysis". Nature Human Behaviour 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028
Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a cross-platform survey". Cortex 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.2196/48633
Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a methods-comparison study". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949
Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a benchmark study". Psychological Science 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514
Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a systematic review". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596
Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a comparative analysis". Trends in Neurosciences 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086
Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a pilot demonstration". Human Brain Mapping 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5
Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a longitudinal field study". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004
Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a feasibility study". Sleep 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226
Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a case study". NeuroImage: Clinical 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013
Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a meta-analysis". eNeuro 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.2196/89834
Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a cross-platform survey". Cognition 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9
Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a methods-comparison study". Nature Reviews Neurology 26(2017): 619-629. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a benchmark study". Nature Neuroscience 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a systematic review". Neuron 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65
Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a comparative analysis". NeuroImage 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884
Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a pilot demonstration". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation During Sleep: a longitudinal field study". Journal of Neuroscience 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

