Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: A Position Paper on Minimum Parameters

Authors

  • Emanuel-Paul Xerri Centre for Brain Stimulation, Naxxar Centre for Brain and Behaviour, Naxxar, Malta Author
  • Vasilis Gerontidis Centre for Research Practice, Kefalonia Centre for Brain and Behaviour, Argostoli, Greece Author
  • Cvetozar Dimchev Centre for Research Methods, Rila Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Samokov, Bulgaria Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22680928

Keywords:

Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies; Cognitive neuroscience; Neurofeedback; Evidence synthesis; Research methodology

Abstract

Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies has moved quickly from a niche scientific question to something a wider
community can now investigate with reasonably reliable tools, but the evidence behind it has not always kept pace. We pull
together the current evidence for reporting standards for brain stimulation studies, covering the methodological, practical,
regulatory and cost angles, with an eye on where practice has genuinely settled and where researchers and reviewers are still
largely working it out for themselves. Selective, context-specific pursuit looks better supported by the evidence gathered here than
either broad rollout or blanket avoidance.

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Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a systematic review". Biological Psychiatry 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a comparative analysis". Cerebral Cortex 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a pilot demonstration". Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a longitudinal field study". eLife 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a feasibility study". PNAS 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a case study". Nature Communications 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a meta-analysis". Nature Human Behaviour 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a cross-platform survey". Cortex 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a methods-comparison study". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a benchmark study". Psychological Science 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a systematic review". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a comparative analysis". Trends in Neurosciences 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a pilot demonstration". Human Brain Mapping 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a longitudinal field study". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a feasibility study". Sleep 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

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Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Reporting Standards for Brain Stimulation Studies: a longitudinal field study". Journal of Neuroscience 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.2196/48633

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Published

2025-06-16