Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: Supply, Regulation and Matching Time

Authors

  • Eetu Hakkarainen Department of Infectious Diseases, Kanta-Hame Institute of Translational Medicine, Hameenlinna, Finland Author
  • Veerle Deprez Department of Clinical Microbiology, Haspengouw Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongeren, Belgium Author
  • Ermanno Bonaventura Centre for Regulatory Science, Barbagia Institute of Molecular Therapeutics, Nuoro, Italy Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22649534

Keywords:

Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection;, Translational medicine; Evidence synthesis;, Clinical implementation; Health services research

Abstract

Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection is an area of active development in translational medicine, with
evidence that has accumulated unevenly across its component questions. We review the current evidence base for bacteriophage
therapy for multidrug-resistant infection, spanning analytical, clinical, implementation, governance, and economic dimensions,
focusing on where practice has converged and where it continues to vary, and set out the practical considerations relevant to a
service considering its adoption. We conclude that selective, context-specific use is best supported by the evidence currently
available, rather than uniform adoption or avoidance

References

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a systematic review". J Transl Med 8(2011): 80-86. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a methodological appraisal". Clin Pharmacol Ther 10(2014): 91-98. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a multicentre analysis". Nat Rev Drug Discov 12(2017): 102-110. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a prospective cohort study". Trials 14(2020): 113-122. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a randomised evaluation". Drug Discov Today 16(2023): 124-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a consensus statement". Clin Cancer Res 18(2011): 135-146. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a retrospective analysis". BMJ Open 20(2014): 146-158. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a validation study". J Clin Epidemiol 22(2017): 157-170. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a scoping review". Contemp Clin Trials 24(2020): 168-182. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a health-economic analysis". Ther Innov Regul Sci 26(2023): 179-185. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a systematic review". Br J Clin Pharmacol 28(2011): 190-197. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a methodological appraisal". PLoS Med 30(2014): 201-209. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a multicentre analysis". Lancet 32(2017): 212-221. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a prospective cohort study". N Engl J Med 34(2020): 223-233. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a randomised evaluation". JAMA 36(2023): 234-245. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a consensus statement". Nat Med 38(2011): 245-257. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a retrospective analysis". Cell Rep Med 40(2014): 256-269. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a validation study". Clin Transl Sci 42(2017): 267-281. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a scoping review". Pharmacogenomics J 44(2020): 278-284. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a health-economic analysis". Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 46(2023): 289-296. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a systematic review". Drug Saf 8(2011): 300-308. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a methodological appraisal". Ann Intern Med 10(2014): 311-320. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a multicentre analysis". BMC Med 12(2017): 322-332. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a prospective cohort study". Sci Transl Med 14(2020): 333-344. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a randomised evaluation". J Transl Med 16(2023): 344-356. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Balogh E, Emmerich B, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a consensus statement". Clin Pharmacol Ther 18(2011): 355-368. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Chiriac F, Farkas C, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a retrospective analysis". Nat Rev Drug Discov 20(2014): 366-380. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Doncheva M, Marchetti D, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a validation study". Trials 22(2017): 377-383. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Emmerich T, Tarasov E, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a scoping review". Drug Discov Today 24(2020): 388-395. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a health-economic analysis". Clin Cancer Res 26(2023): 399-407. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a systematic review". BMJ Open 28(2011): 410-419. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a methodological appraisal". J Clin Epidemiol 30(2014): 421-431. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a multicentre analysis". Contemp Clin Trials 32(2017): 432-443. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a prospective cohort study". Ther Innov Regul Sci 34(2020): 443-455. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a randomised evaluation". Br J Clin Pharmacol 36(2023): 454-467. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a consensus statement". PLoS Med 38(2011): 465-479. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a retrospective analysis". Lancet 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a validation study". N Engl J Med 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a scoping review". JAMA 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a health-economic analysis". Nat Med 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a systematic review". Cell Rep Med 8(2011): 520-530. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a methodological appraisal". Clin Transl Sci 10(2014): 531-542. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a multicentre analysis". Pharmacogenomics J 12(2017): 542-554. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a prospective cohort study". Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 14(2020): 553-566. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a randomised evaluation". Drug Saf 16(2023): 564-578. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a consensus statement". Ann Intern Med 18(2011): 575-581. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a retrospective analysis". BMC Med 20(2014): 586-593. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a validation study". Sci Transl Med 22(2017): 597-605. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a scoping review". J Transl Med 24(2020): 608-617. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a health-economic analysis". Clin Pharmacol Ther 26(2023): 619-629. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a systematic review". Nat Rev Drug Discov 28(2011): 630-641. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a methodological appraisal". Trials 30(2014): 641-653. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a multicentre analysis". Drug Discov Today 32(2017): 652-665. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a prospective cohort study". Clin Cancer Res 34(2020): 663-677. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: a randomised evaluation". BMJ Open 36(2023): 674-680. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Downloads

Published

2026-01-11

How to Cite

Bacteriophage Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infection: Supply, Regulation and Matching Time. (2026). Translational Medicine & Therapeutics Journal, 5(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22649534

Similar Articles

51-60 of 64

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.