Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: A Technical Note on Measure Selection

Authors

  • Demetris-Chr Hadjipavlou Centre for Learning Sciences, Kiti Institute of Learning Technologies, Kiti, Cyprus Author
  • Fotios Kapetanakis Centre for Learning Sciences, Lesvos Centre for Digital Education, Mytilene, Greece Author
  • Emmerich-P Grillenberger Department of Assessment and Measurement, Steirische Eisenstrasse Institute of Learning Technologies, Eisenerz, Austria Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22694095

Keywords:

Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research; Educational technology; E-learning; Evidence synthesis; Research methodology

Abstract

Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research has moved quickly from a niche scientific question to something a wider
community can now investigate with reasonably reliable tools, but the evidence behind it has not always kept pace. We pull
together the current evidence for eye tracking in multimedia learning research, covering the methodological, practical, regulatory
and cost angles, with an eye on where practice has genuinely settled and where researchers and reviewers are still largely
working it out for themselves. Selective, context-specific pursuit looks better supported by the evidence gathered here than either
broad rollout or blanket avoidance

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Emmerich T, Tarasov E, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a cross-platform survey". Educational Technology Research and Development 24(2014): 388-395. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a methods-comparison study". The Internet and Higher Education 26(2017): 399-407. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a benchmark study". Computers in Human Behavior 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a systematic review". Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a comparative analysis". Distance Education 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a pilot demonstration". Journal of Educational Psychology 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a longitudinal field study". Instructional Science 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a feasibility study". Educational Technology & Society 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a case study". International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a meta-analysis". Learning, Media and Technology 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a cross-platform survey". Journal of Research on Technology in Education 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a methods-comparison study". American Educational Research Journal 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a benchmark study". Review of Educational Research 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a systematic review". Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a comparative analysis". Journal of Educational Computing Research 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a pilot demonstration". Interactive Learning Environments 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a longitudinal field study". Education and Information Technologies 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a feasibility study". The Journal of Higher Education 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a case study". Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a meta-analysis". TechTrends 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

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Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a benchmark study". British Journal of Educational Technology 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a systematic review". Computers & Education 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a comparative analysis". Journal of Learning Analytics 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a pilot demonstration". Educational Technology Research and Development 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Eye Tracking in Multimedia Learning Research: a longitudinal field study". The Internet and Higher Education 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

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Published

2023-04-29

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2023): vol 2 issue 1 2023

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