Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: A Technical Note on Rotation and Overexposure

Authors

  • Gizella-M Dobozi Department of Assessment and Measurement, Bakonyalja Centre for Digital Education, Kisber, Hungary Author
  • Dimitra-M Lymperis Department of Assessment and Measurement, Lesvos Centre for Digital Education, Mytilene, Greece Author
  • Hallgeir Flatekval Department of Learning Platform Services, Nord-Osterdal Centre for Digital Education, Tynset, Norway Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22694397

Keywords:

Item Exposure in Online Question Banks; Educational technology; E-learning; Evidence synthesis; Research methodology

Abstract

There is real interest in item exposure in online question banks right now, and real uncertainty about exactly where it delivers the
most value. We pull together the current evidence for item exposure in online question banks, covering the methodological,
practical, regulatory and cost angles, with an eye on where practice has genuinely settled and where researchers and reviewers
are still largely working it out for themselves. Selective, context-specific pursuit looks better supported by the evidence gathered
here than either broad rollout or blanket avoidance

References

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Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a systematic review". Computers & Education 10(2017): 91-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a comparative analysis". Journal of Learning Analytics 12(2020): 102-110. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a pilot demonstration". Educational Technology Research and Development 14(2023): 113-122. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a longitudinal field study". The Internet and Higher Education 16(2014): 124-134. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a feasibility study". Computers in Human Behavior 18(2017): 135-146. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a case study". Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 20(2020): 146-158. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a meta-analysis". Distance Education 22(2023): 157-170. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a cross-platform survey". Journal of Educational Psychology 24(2014): 168-182. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a methods-comparison study". Instructional Science 26(2017): 179-185. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a benchmark study". Educational Technology & Society 28(2020): 190-197. DOI: 10.2196/48297

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Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a comparative analysis". Learning, Media and Technology 32(2014): 212-221. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a pilot demonstration". Journal of Research on Technology in Education 34(2017): 223-233. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a longitudinal field study". American Educational Research Journal 36(2020): 234-245. DOI: 10.2196/69678

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Doncheva M, Marchetti D, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a meta-analysis". Journal of Learning Analytics 22(2023): 377-383. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Emmerich T, Tarasov E, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a cross-platform survey". Educational Technology Research and Development 24(2014): 388-395. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a methods-comparison study". The Internet and Higher Education 26(2017): 399-407. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a benchmark study". Computers in Human Behavior 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a systematic review". Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a comparative analysis". Distance Education 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.2196/48297

Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a pilot demonstration". Journal of Educational Psychology 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z

Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a longitudinal field study". Instructional Science 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005

Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a feasibility study". Educational Technology & Society 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800

Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a case study". International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.2196/69678

Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a meta-analysis". Learning, Media and Technology 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454

Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a cross-platform survey". Journal of Research on Technology in Education 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028

Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a methods-comparison study". American Educational Research Journal 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.2196/48633

Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a benchmark study". Review of Educational Research 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949

Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a systematic review". Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514

Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a comparative analysis". Journal of Educational Computing Research 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596

Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a pilot demonstration". Interactive Learning Environments 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086

Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a longitudinal field study". Education and Information Technologies 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5

Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a feasibility study". The Journal of Higher Education 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004

Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a case study". Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226

Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a meta-analysis". TechTrends 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013

Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a cross-platform survey". Journal of Science Education and Technology 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.2196/89834

Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a methods-comparison study". International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 26(2017): 619-629. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9

Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a benchmark study". British Journal of Educational Technology 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184

Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a systematic review". Computers & Education 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117

Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a comparative analysis". Journal of Learning Analytics 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a pilot demonstration". Educational Technology Research and Development 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884

Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Item Exposure in Online Question Banks: a longitudinal field study". The Internet and Higher Education 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.2196/48297

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Published

2024-05-23

Issue

Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024): vol 3 issue 1 2024

Section

Articles

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