Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: Resolution Rates and Escalation to Human Staff
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22694666Keywords:
Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries; Educational technology; E-learning; Evidence synthesis; Research methodologyAbstract
There is real interest in chatbot support for student enquiries right now, and real uncertainty about exactly where it delivers the
most value. We pull together the current evidence for chatbot support for student enquiries, covering the methodological,
practical, regulatory and cost angles, with an eye on where practice has genuinely settled and where researchers and reviewers
are still largely working it out for themselves. Selective, context-specific pursuit looks better supported by the evidence gathered
here than either broad rollout or blanket avoidance.
References
Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a benchmark study". British Journal of Educational Technology 8(2014): 80-86. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596
Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a systematic review". Computers & Education 10(2017): 91-98. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086
Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a comparative analysis". Journal of Learning Analytics 12(2020): 102-110. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5
Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a pilot demonstration". Educational Technology Research and Development 14(2023): 113-122. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004
Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a longitudinal field study". The Internet and Higher Education 16(2014): 124-134. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226
Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a feasibility study". Computers in Human Behavior 18(2017): 135-146. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013
Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a case study". Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 20(2020): 146-158. DOI: 10.2196/89834
Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a meta-analysis". Distance Education 22(2023): 157-170. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9
Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a cross-platform survey". Journal of Educational Psychology 24(2014): 168-182. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a methods-comparison study". Instructional Science 26(2017): 179-185. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a benchmark study". Educational Technology & Society 28(2020): 190-197. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65
Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a systematic review". International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 30(2023): 201-209. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884
Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a comparative analysis". Learning, Media and Technology 32(2014): 212-221. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a pilot demonstration". Journal of Research on Technology in Education 34(2017): 223-233. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z
Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a longitudinal field study". American Educational Research Journal 36(2020): 234-245. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005
Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a feasibility study". Review of Educational Research 38(2023): 245-257. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800
Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a case study". Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence 40(2014): 256-269. DOI: 10.2196/69678
Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a meta-analysis". Journal of Educational Computing Research 42(2017): 267-281. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454
Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a cross-platform survey". Interactive Learning Environments 44(2020): 278-284. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028
Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a methods-comparison study". Education and Information Technologies 46(2023): 289-296. DOI: 10.2196/48633
Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a benchmark study". The Journal of Higher Education 8(2014): 300-308. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949
Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a systematic review". Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 10(2017): 311-320. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514
Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a comparative analysis". TechTrends 12(2020): 322-332. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596
Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a pilot demonstration". Journal of Science Education and Technology 14(2023): 333-344. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086
Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a longitudinal field study". International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 16(2014): 344-356. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5
Balogh E, Emmerich B, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a feasibility study". British Journal of Educational Technology 18(2017): 355-368. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004
Chiriac F, Farkas C, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a case study". Computers & Education 20(2020): 366-380. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226
Doncheva M, Marchetti D, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a meta-analysis". Journal of Learning Analytics 22(2023): 377-383. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013
Emmerich T, Tarasov E, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a cross-platform survey". Educational Technology Research and Development 24(2014): 388-395. DOI: 10.2196/89834
Foscarini C, Chiriac F, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a methods-comparison study". The Internet and Higher Education 26(2017): 399-407. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9
Alvez D, Dumitrescu A, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a benchmark study". Computers in Human Behavior 28(2020): 410-419. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Brankovic K, Kowalczyk B, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a systematic review". Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 30(2023): 421-431. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Castellani R, Ristic C, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a comparative analysis". Distance Education 32(2014): 432-443. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65
Dumitrescu A, Andric D, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a pilot demonstration". Journal of Educational Psychology 34(2017): 443-455. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1763884
Eriksdottir B, Brankovic E, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a longitudinal field study". Instructional Science 36(2020): 454-467. DOI: 10.2196/48297
Farkas I, Ionescu F, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a feasibility study". Educational Technology & Society 38(2023): 465-479. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-025-12031-z
Grabowski P, Petrescu G, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a case study". International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 40(2014): 476-482. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1699005
Hendriksen W, Wojcik H, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a meta-analysis". Learning, Media and Technology 42(2017): 487-494. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800
Ionescu F, Foscarini I, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a cross-platform survey". Journal of Research on Technology in Education 44(2020): 498-506. DOI: 10.2196/69678
Jankowiak G, Grabowski J, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a methods-comparison study". American Educational Research Journal 46(2023): 509-518. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46454
Kowalczyk N, Novotna K, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a benchmark study". Review of Educational Research 8(2014): 520-530. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107028
Lindqvist U, Urbanek L, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a systematic review". Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence 10(2017): 531-542. DOI: 10.2196/48633
Marchetti D, Doncheva M, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a comparative analysis". Journal of Educational Computing Research 12(2020): 542-554. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305949
Novotna E, Eriksdottir N, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a pilot demonstration". Interactive Learning Environments 14(2023): 553-566. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000514
Ostrowski L, Lindqvist O, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a longitudinal field study". Education and Information Technologies 16(2014): 564-578. DOI: 10.17219/acem/208596
Petrescu S, Szabo P, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a feasibility study". The Journal of Higher Education 18(2017): 575-581. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.104086
Quintero B, Balogh Q, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a case study". Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 20(2020): 586-593. DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00852-5
Ristic C, Castellani R, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a meta-analysis". TechTrends 22(2023): 597-605. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.004
Szabo J, Jankowiak S, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a cross-platform survey". Journal of Science Education and Technology 24(2014): 608-617. DOI: 10.1177/08404704241291226
Tarasov Q, Quintero T, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a methods-comparison study". International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 26(2017): 619-629. DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwad013
Urbanek Z, Zielinski U, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a benchmark study". British Journal of Educational Technology 28(2020): 630-641. DOI: 10.2196/89834
Vasquez A, Alvez V, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a systematic review". Computers & Education 30(2023): 641-653. DOI: 10.1007/s10916-024-02104-9
Wojcik H, Hendriksen W, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a comparative analysis". Journal of Learning Analytics 32(2014): 652-665. DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2026.1896184
Zielinski O, Ostrowski Z, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a pilot demonstration". Educational Technology Research and Development 34(2017): 663-677. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15162117
Andric V, Vasquez A, et al. "Chatbot Support for Student Enquiries: a longitudinal field study". The Internet and Higher Education 36(2020): 674-680. DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_65

